18-U.S.C.-2703
§2703 – Required Disclosure of Customer Communications Or Records
Pathway
Title 18 > Part I > Chapter 121 > Section 2703
Details
- Reference: Section 2703
- Legend: §2703 – Required Disclosure of Customer Communications Or Records
- USCode Year: 2013
Provision Content
(a) Contents of Wire or Electronic Communications in Electronic Storage.—A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communication service of the contents of a wire or electronic communication, that is in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for one hundred and eighty days or less, only pursuant to a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent jurisdiction. A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communications services of the contents of a wire or electronic communication that has been in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for more than one hundred and eighty days by the means available under subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Contents of Wire or Electronic Communications in a Remote Computing Service.—(1) A governmental entity may require a provider of remote computing service to disclose the contents of any wire or electronic communication to which this paragraph is made applicable by paragraph (2) of this subsection—
(A) without required notice to the subscriber or customer, if the governmental entity obtains a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent jurisdiction; or
(B) with prior notice from the governmental entity to the subscriber or customer if the governmental entity—
(i) uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal or State grand jury or trial subpoena; or
(ii) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of this section;
except that delayed notice may be given pursuant to section 2705 of this title.
(2) Paragraph (1) is applicable with respect to any wire or electronic communication that is held or maintained on that service—
(A) on behalf of, and received by means of electronic transmission from (or created by means of computer processing of communications received by means of electronic transmission from), a subscriber or customer of such remote computing service; and
(B) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer processing services to such subscriber or customer, if the provider is not authorized to access the contents of any such communications for purposes of providing any services other than storage or computer processing.
(c) Records Concerning Electronic Communication Service or Remote Computing Service.—(1) A governmental entity may require a provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service to disclose a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service (not including the contents of communications) only when the governmental entity—
(A) obtains a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent jurisdiction;
(B) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of this section;
(C) has the consent of the subscriber or customer to such disclosure;
(D) submits a formal written request relevant to a law enforcement investigation concerning telemarketing fraud for the name, address, and place of business of a subscriber or customer of such provider, which subscriber or customer is engaged in telemarketing (as such term is defined in section 2325 of this title); or
(E) seeks information under paragraph (2).
(2) A provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service shall disclose to a governmental entity the—
(A) name;
(B) address;
(C) local and long distance telephone connection records, or records of session times and durations;
(D) length of service (including start date) and types of service utilized;
(E) telephone or instrument number or other subscriber number or identity, including any temporarily assigned network address; and
(F) means and source of payment for such service (including any credit card or bank account number),
of a subscriber to or customer of such service when the governmental entity uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal or State grand jury or trial subpoena or any means available under paragraph (1).
(3) A governmental entity receiving records or information under this subsection is not required to provide notice to a subscriber or customer.
(d) Requirements for Court Order.—A court order for disclosure under subsection (b) or (c) may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction and shall issue only if the governmental entity offers specific and articulable facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation. In the case of a State governmental authority, such a court order shall not issue if prohibited by the law of such State. A court issuing an order pursuant to this section, on a motion made promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such order, if the information or records requested are unusually voluminous in nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden on such provider.
(e) No Cause of Action Against a Provider Disclosing Information Under This Chapter.—No cause of action shall lie in any court against any provider of wire or electronic communication service, its officers, employees, agents, or other specified persons for providing information, facilities, or assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order, warrant, subpoena, statutory authorization, or certification under this chapter.
(f) Requirement To Preserve Evidence.—
(1) In general.—A provider of wire or electronic communication services or a remote computing service, upon the request of a governmental entity, shall take all necessary steps to preserve records and other evidence in its possession pending the issuance of a court order or other process.
(2) Period of retention.—Records referred to in paragraph (1) shall be retained for a period of 90 days, which shall be extended for an additional 90-day period upon a renewed request by the governmental entity.
(g) Presence of Officer Not Required.—Notwithstanding section 3105 of this title, the presence of an officer shall not be required for service or execution of a search warrant issued in accordance with this chapter requiring disclosure by a provider of electronic communications service or remote computing service of the contents of communications or records or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service.
(Added Pub. L. 99–508, title II, §201[(a)], Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1861; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7038, 7039, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4399; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330003(b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2140; Pub. L. 103–414, title II, §207(a), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4292; Pub. L. 104–132, title VIII, §804, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1305; Pub. L. 104–293, title VI, §601(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3469; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §605(f), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3510; Pub. L. 105–184, §8, June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 522; Pub. L. 107–56, title II, §§209(2), 210, 212(b)(1), 220(a)(1), (b), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 283, 285, 291, 292; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4005(a)(2), div. C, title I, §11010, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1812, 1822; Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §225(h)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2158; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1171(a)(1), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3123; Pub. L. 111–79, §2(1), Oct. 19, 2009, 123 Stat. 2086.)
References in Text
The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b)(1)(A), and (c)(1)(B)(i), are set out in the Appendix to this title.
Amendments
2009—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1)(A), (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–79, which directed substitution of (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent jurisdiction for by a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation or an equivalent State warrant, was executed by making the substitution for by a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation or equivalent State warrant to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2006—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–162 struck out or at end.
2002—Subsec. (c)(1)(E). Pub. L. 107–273, §4005(a)(2), realigned margins.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–296 inserted , statutory authorization after subpoena.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–273, §11010, added subsec. (g).
2001—Pub. L. 107–56, §212(b)(1)(A), substituted Required disclosure of customer communications or records for Requirements for governmental access in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–56, §§209(2)(A), (B), 220(a)(1), substituted Contents of Wire or Electronic for Contents of Electronic in heading and contents of a wire or electronic for contents of an electronic in two places and using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation for under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in text.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–56, §209(2)(A), substituted Contents of Wire or Electronic for Contents of Electronic in heading.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–56, §§209(2)(C), 220(a)(1), substituted any wire or electronic communication for any electronic communication in introductory provisions and using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation for under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in subpar. (A).
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–56, §209(2)(C), substituted any wire or electronic communication for any electronic communication in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107–56, §§212(b)(1)(C), 220(a)(1), designated subpar. (A) and introductory provisions of subpar. (B) as par. (1), substituted A governmental entity may require a provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service to for (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service may and a closing parenthesis for provisions which began with covered by subsection (a) or (b) of this section) to any person other than a governmental entity. in former subpar. (A) and ended with (B) A provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service shall disclose a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service (not including the contents of communications covered by subsection (a) or (b) of this section) to a governmental entity, redesignated clauses (i) to (iv) of former subpar. (B) as subpars. (A) to (D), respectively, substituted using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation for under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in subpar. (A) and ; or for period at end of subpar. (D), added subpar. (E), and redesignated former subpar. (C) as par. (2).
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–56, §210, amended par. (2), as redesignated by section 212 of Pub. L. 107–56, by substituting entity the— for entity the name, address, local and long distance telephone toll billing records, telephone number or other subscriber number or identity, and length of service of a subscriber in introductory provisions, inserting subpars. (A) to (F), striking out and the types of services the subscriber or customer utilized, before when the governmental entity uses an administrative subpoena, inserting of a subscriber at beginning of concluding provisions and designating to or customer of such service when the governmental entity uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal or State grand jury or trial subpoena or any means available under paragraph (1). as remainder of concluding provisions.
Pub. L. 107–56, §212(b)(1)(C)(iii), (D), redesignated subpar. (C) of par. (1) as par. (2) and temporarily substituted paragraph (1) for subparagraph (B).
Pub. L. 107–56, §212(b)(1)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–56, §212(b)(1)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–56, §220(b), struck out described in section 3127(2)(A) after court of competent jurisdiction.
1998—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 105–184 added cl. (iv).
1996—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–293 inserted local and long distance after address,.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted in section 3127(2)(A) for in section 3126(2)(A).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–132 added subsec. (f).
1994—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–414, §207(a)(1)(A), redesignated cls. (ii) to (iv) as (i) to (iii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute, or a Federal or State grand jury or trial subpoena;.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–414, §207(a)(1)(B), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–414, §207(a)(2), amended first sentence generally. Prior to amendment, first sentence read as follows: A court order for disclosure under subsection (b) or (c) of this section may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction set forth in section 3127(2)(A) of this title and shall issue only if the governmental entity shows that there is reason to believe the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry.
Pub. L. 103–322 substituted section 3127(2)(A) for section 3126(2)(A).
1988—Subsecs. (b)(1)(B)(i), (c)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 100–690, §7038, inserted or trial after grand jury.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690, §7039, inserted may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction set forth in section 3126(2)(A) of this title and before shall issue.
Effective Date of 2002 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
U.S. Encyclopedia of Law Coverage
18-U.S.C.-2701 in the Legal Encyclopedia: Criminal Law
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18-U.S.C.-2071 in the Legal Encyclopedia: Records
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